ࡱ> egd5@  &bjbj22 ,8XXY  86 ,b gh  s s s ggggggg$hR;k&gs s &g ;g|  gg.6ft]p8d v + ~@_DgQg0g(`'l"'l8d8d'lLds d as s s &g&gz (z Justice for All: Achieving Access to Justice and Substantive Justice for the Homeless Philip Lynch Andy used to sleep rough on the numerous nights that crisis shelters in Melbourne are full. He is an elderly man who suffers from an acquired brain injury and an intellectual disability. He also suffers from chronic alcoholism, a legacy of trying to cope with life on the street. Between 1996 and 2001, Andy received more than $100,000 in fines for offences such as drinking in a public place, begging, swearing, and littering. Most of the fines were issued around Flinders Street Station his community, his support network and his home. Non-payment of such fines can result in imprisonment of up to one day per $100. Andys case is not unusual. A recent Melbourne study disclosed that almost 30 per cent of a sample of 383 homeless persons had been incarcerated for minor property or summary offences. Taking Andy as an example, I would like to briefly consider the causes of such wrongs against homeless people and the impediments to homeless people attaining redress for these wrongs. I will propose strategies and initiatives to achieve both access to justice and substantive justice for people experiencing homelessness. In my view, the primary cause of the injustice perpetrated against Andy is the exclusion of marginalised and disadvantaged people from the legislative process. It is estimated that up to 80,000 homeless people were not registered to vote in the 2001 Federal Election. Such disenfranchisement results in the enactment and enforcement of laws that impact disproportionately on people of marginalised socio-economic status. Laws that criminalise conduct such as sleeping, bathing, lying, drinking or storing belongings in public space impact on homeless people on the ground of their housing status and the necessary location of their conduct. In each case, it was the location rather than the nature of Andys conduct that rendered it unlawful. Andy would not (and could not) have been charged had he been drinking, swearing or urinating in a conventional home. In my view, the discriminatory impact of the law will persist until homeless people and their advocates are empowered to participate in the legislative process to have a say in the formulation and enforcement of laws and policies that affect them. An independent statutory commission that critically assessed the impact of policy formulation and law enforcement on marginalised and disadvantaged groups, including by directly consulting those groups, would be a step in the right direction. Amendment of equal opportunity legislation to prohibit discrimination on the ground of socio-economic status would also constitute a significant step towards protecting socially and economically marginalised groups. Having considered the cause of Andys injustice, I will now examine strategies to access and achieve justice for him. Andy was one of the first clients of the Homeless Persons Legal Clinic, a joint project of the Public Interest Law Clearing House and the Council to Homeless Persons. The Clinic was established in October 2001 to provide free legal assistance to people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness. Legal services are provided on a weekly basis at eight crisis shelters, soup kitchens and welfare agencies across Melbourne. The Clinic is staffed by almost 200 pro bono lawyers from Allens Arthur Robinson, Blake Dawson Waldron, Clayton Utz, Hunt & Hunt, Mallesons Stephen Jaques, Minter Ellison, Phillips Fox and the National Australia Bank Legal Department. Prior to the establishment of the Clinic, Andy had not obtained legal assistance in relation to any of his fines. The provision of services at Ozanam House, a location already frequented by Andy for food and shelter, meant that he could directly access legal assistance despite his many more pressing concerns. Even with access to legal assistance and representation, the struggle for substantive justice for a client like Andy is difficult. In 1999-2000, 282 people were charged with begging in Queensland. Of these, 83 were imprisoned and a further 112 were fined. In Victoria, this kind of grave injustice has been addressed by the Magistrates Court Enforcement Review Project. The Enforcement Review Project aims to identify and assist those members of our community with special circumstances who incur multiple fines and whose circumstances diminish their responsibility for the infringements or render them unable to pay. Special circumstances include homelessness, intellectual disability, psychiatric illness, chronic alcoholism, substance abuse, family fragmentation and severe social dysfunction. The Enforcement Review Project aims to ensure that fines issued against people with special needs are brought before the Magistrates Court for resolution. Fines referred to the Court by the Enforcement Review Officer are listed together at Melbourne Magistrates Court on the Disability List. The Disability List sits monthly and is equipped to identify and address the issues underlying the offending behaviours of people with special circumstances. The use of courts to achieve therapeutic outcomes for homeless offenders has been taken even further in the United States. In Los Angeles, a homeless persons court sits monthly in the PATH Mall in the downtown areas. PATH (People Assisting the Homeless) is a collaboration of homelessness organisations offering counselling, housing information and referrals, emergency accommodation, vocational education and training, medical and dental care, personal grooming and legal services under the one roof. A person who is homeless and pleads guilty to an offence may be referred to the court for sentencing. The focus of sentencing is rehabilitation and restoration. This normally involves referring an offender down the hall to one or more of the PATH organisations for assistance, rehabilitation or treatment as necessary. Like the Drug Court in Victoria, the court retains an ongoing supervisory function, with offenders being required to report back to the court as directed. I would like to conclude by stating that, while the law has the potential to contribute to or exacerbate homelessness, strategies are available to leverage the law as a solution to homelessness. The Homeless Persons Legal Clinic and the Magistrates Court Enforcement Review Project are two such strategies. In Andys case, the Homeless Persons Legal Clinic provided representation, through Felicity Hampel SC, in the Melbourne Magistrates Court. For its part, the Court dismissed the fines and imposed a condition that Andy comply with a case management plan prepared by St Vincent de Paul Support Services. The plan was designed to enable Andy to obtain stable accommodation and aged care support that is, to address the causes underlying Andys homelessness and his offending behaviours. Drawing on such strategies, the challenge for us is to continue to counter law as a cause and instead leverage law as a solution to homelessness. Philip Lynch is the Coordinator of the Homeless Persons Legal Clinic run by the Public Interest Law Clearing House.  Michelle Kermode, Nick Crofts, Peter Miller, Bryana Speed and Jonathan Streeton, Health Indicators and Risks Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Melbourne (1998) 22(4) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 467.  Tamara Walsh, Waltzing Matilda One Hundred Years Later: Interactions Between Homeless Persons and the Criminal Justice System in Queensland (2003) 25 Sydney Law Review 74, 79.  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